Fostering employee creativity through creativity-contingent extrinsic and intrinsic rewards that emphasise creativity: A systematic review of creativity academic papers
Keywords:
creativity, contingent, intrinsic, extrinsic, rewards, employeeAbstract
Creativity is widely believed to be necessary to increase quality performance. Thus, in today’s more challenging and competitive environment, the contemporary organization frequently utilizes rewards practices to stimulate creative activities among employees. Existing research on reward practices shows evidence that creativity contingent rewards play a vital role in improving employee creative performance. This study presents a systematic review of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards that contribute to creativity and their effect on employee creativity. The findings show that regardless of the degree of importance of the rewards perceived by the employee, both the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards were positively correlated with the behaviour of creativity behavior. Interestingly, the results showed that creativity-contingent intrinsic rewards have relatively stronger effects on employee creativity when compared to creativity-contingent extrinsic rewards.
Downloads
References
Abbas, M. and Raja, U. (2019) ‘Challenge-Hindrance Stressors and Job Outcomes: the Moderating Role of Conscientiousness’, Journal of Business and Psychology, 34, pp. 189–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9535-z
Akgunduz, Y., Alkan, C. and Gök, Ö.A. (2018) ‘Perceived organizational support, employee creativity and proactive personality: The mediating effect of meaning of work’, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 34, pp. 105–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.01.004
Aletraris, L. (2010) ‘How satisfied are they and why? A study of job satisfaction, job rewards, gender and temporary agency workers in Australia’, Human Relations, 63(8), pp. 1129–1155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709354131
Amabile, T.M. (1983) ‘The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), pp. 357–376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
Amabile, T.M. (1985) ‘Motivation and Creativity. Effects of Motivational Orientation on Creative Writers’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), pp. 393–399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.393
Arnold, H.J. (2015) ‘Task Performance, Perceived Competence, and Attributed Causes of Performance as Determinants of Intrinsic Motivation’, Academy of Management Journal, 28(4), pp. 876–888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256242
Baer, M. (2012) ‘Putting Creativity To Work : the Implementation of Creative Ideas in Organizations’, Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), pp. 1102–1120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0470
Banfield, J. (2018) ‘Qualitative Research in Psychology Challenge in artistic flow experiences : an interdisciplinary intervention intervention’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 31(5), pp. 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2018.1475535
Batey, M. and Furnham, A. (2010) ‘Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality: A Critical Review of the Scattered Literature’, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), pp. 335–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.132.4.355-430
Bidee, J. et al. (2013) ‘Autonomous Motivation Stimulates Volunteers ’ Work Effort : A Self-Determination Theory Approach to Volunteerism’, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24, pp. 32–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9269-x
Black, S. and Allen, J.D. (2018) ‘Part 7 : Rewards , Motivation , and Performance’, The Reference Librarian, 59(4), pp. 205–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2018.1499164
Bouizegarene, N. and Philippe, F.L. (2018) ‘Self and Identity Longitudinal directive effect of need satisfaction in self-defining memories on friend related identity processing styles and friend satisfaction’, Self and Identity, 17(2), pp. 127–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1327453
Brassart, E., Schelstraete, M. and Roskam, I. (2017) ‘What Are the Effects of a Parent-Implemented Verbal Responsive Intervention on Preschoolers With Externalizing Behavior Problems ?’, Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 39(1), pp. 108–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2017.1307679
Byron, K. and Khazanchi, S. (2012) ‘Rewards and creative performance: A meta-analytic test of theoretically derived hypotheses’, Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), pp. 809–830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027652
Candela, R. (2014) ‘Edmund Phelps: Mass flourishing: how grassroots innovation created jobs, challenge, and change’, Public Choice, 160, pp. 567–569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-014-0166-2
Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T. (2014) ‘Psychological Bulletin Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Incentives Jointly Predict Performance : A 40-Year Meta-Analysis Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Incentives Jointly Predict Performance ’:, Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), pp. 980–1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661
Chae, S., Seo, Y. and Lee, K.C. (2013) ‘Computers in Human Behavior Effects of task complexity on individual creativity through knowledge interaction: A comparison of temporary and permanent teams’, Computers in Human Behavior journal, 2(22), pp. 223–234.
Charness, G. and Grieco, D. (2016) ‘Creativity and Financial Incentives’, UCSD Mimeo, pp. 1–38.
Chen, C. X., Williamson, M. G., & Zhou, F.H. (2012) ‘Reward system design and group creativity: An experimental investigation’, The Accounting Review, 87(322), pp. 1885–1911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50232
Chen, G. and Campbell-bush, E.M. (2013) ‘Teams as Innovative Systems : Multilevel Motivational Antecedents of Innovation in R & D Teams’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(6), pp. 1018–1027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032663
Chen, J.Y.C. et al. (2018) ‘Situation awareness-based agent transparency and human-autonomy teaming effectiveness’, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 19(3), pp. 259–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2017.1315750
Chiu, H.H. (2018) ‘Employees’ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations in Innovation Implementation : The Moderation Role of Managers’ Persuasive and Assertive Strategies’, Journal of Change Management, 18(3), pp. 218–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2017.1407353
Corcos, A. (2018) ‘Being enjoyably challenged is the key to an enjoyable gaming experience: an experimental approach in a first-person shooter game experimental approach in a first-person shooter game’, Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 8(1), pp. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20009011.2018.1474668
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2015) ‘Positive Psychology : An Introduction’, Positive Psychology, 55(1), pp. 5–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Dave, D.S. et al. (2011) ‘The impact of intrinsic motivation on satisfaction with extrinsic rewards in a nursing environment’, Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare, 4(2), pp. 101–107. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/175330311X12943314049493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/175330311X12943314049493
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985) ‘Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior’, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 4(3), pp. 334–355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7_1
Deci, E. L., and R.R. (2002) Handbook of Self-Determination Research. University of Rochester’s Press.
Dull, R.B., Schleifer, L.L.F. and Mcmillan, J.J. (2015) ‘Achievement Goal Theory : The Relationship of Accounting Students ’ Goal Orientations with Self- efficacy, Anxiety , and Achievement’, Accounting Education an international journal, 24(2), pp. 152–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2015.1036892
Dursun, O.O. (2019) ‘Pre-service Information Technology Teachers ’ Self-Efficacy , Self- Esteem and Attitudes towards Teaching : A Four-Year Longitudinal Study’, Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(2), pp. 137–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.554478
Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999) ‘Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation?’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, pp. 1026–1040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1026
Eisenberger, R. and Byron, K. (2011) Author’s personal copy Rewards and Creativity. 2nd edn, Encyclopedia of Creativity. 2nd edn. Elsevier Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00188-6
Fidan, T. and Oztürk, I. (2015) ‘The Relationship of the Creativity of Public and Private School Teachers to their Intrinsic Motivation and the School Climate for Innovation’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195(4), pp. 905–914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.370
Friedman, R.S. (2009) ‘Reinvestigating the effects of promised reward on creativity’, Creativity Research Journal, 21(2–3), pp. 258–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410902861380
Frostenson, M. (2015) ‘Three forms of professional autonomy: de- professionalisation of teachers in a new light’, Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy ISSN:, 3(6), pp. 20–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/nstep.v1.28464
Gahagan, J. and Colpitts, E. (2017) ‘Understanding and Measuring LGBTQ Pathways to Health: A Scoping Review of Strengths-Based Health Promotion Approaches in LGBTQ Health Research’, Journal of Homosexuality, 64(1), pp. 95–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1172893
Garbers, Y. and Konradt, U. (2014) ‘The effect of financial incentives on performance: A quantitative review of individual and team-based financial incentives’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), pp. 102–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12039
García, R.G., Sangregorio, M.A. and Lucía, M. (2018) ‘Evaluation of job satisfaction in a sample of Spanish social workers through the “ Job Satisfaction Survey ” scale’, European Journal of Social Work, 21(1), pp. 140–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2016.1255929
Gerhart, B. and Fang, M. (2015) ‘Pay, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Performance, and Creativity in the Workplace: Revisiting Long-Held Beliefs’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2(1), pp. 489–521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111418
Grant, A.M. and Ashford, S.J. (2008) ‘The dynamics of proactivity at work’, Research in Organizational Behavior, 28(2), pp. 3–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002
Guilford, J.P. (1950) ‘Creativity’, American Psychologist, 5(9), pp. 444–545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0063487
Hall, J., Mahony, B.O. and Gayler, J. (2017) ‘Modelling the relationship between attribute satisfaction , overall satisfaction , and behavioural intentions in Australian ski resorts’, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(6), pp. 764–778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1232672
Harackiewicz, J.M. (1979) ‘The Effects of Reward Contingency and Performance Feedback on Intrinsic Motivation’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), pp. 1352–1363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1352
Hendijani, R. et al. (2016) ‘Intrinsic motivation, external reward, and their effect on overall motivation and performance’, Human Performance, 29(4), pp. 251–274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2016.1157595
Hofmans, J., Gelens, J. and Theuns, P. (2015) ‘Enjoyment as a mediator in the relationship between task characteristics and work effort : An experience sampling study’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(5), pp. 37–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.792229
Hon, A.H.Y., Chan, W.W.H. and Lu, L. (2013) ‘Overcoming work-related stress and promoting employee creativity in hotel industry: The role of task feedback from supervisor’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, pp. 416–424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.11.001
Houser, X. (Sophia) P.D.I. (2014) ‘Social approval, competition and cooperation Xiaofei’, Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science, 44(4), pp. 166–188.
Hu, R. et al. (2018) ‘Creativity, Proactive Personality, and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Entrepreneurial Alertness’, Frontiers in Psychology, 9(6), pp. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00951
Hüllen, V. Van (2019) ‘Negotiating democracy with authoritarian regimes. EU democracy promotion in North Africa’, Democratization, 26(5), pp. 869–888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1593377
Hur, Y. (2017) ‘Testing Herzberg ’ s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Public Sector : Is it Applicable to Public Managers ?’, Public Organiz Rev, 18(3), pp. 329–343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-017-0379-1
Jaiswal, D. and Dhar, R.L. (2017) ‘Impact of human resources practices on employee creativity in the hotel industry : The impact of job autonomy’, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 16(1), pp. 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2016.1202035
Jones, J.M. (2019) ‘Non-Price Sales Promotion Impact and Moderator Role Non-Price Sales Promotion Impact and Moderator Role’, Journal of Promotion Management, 25(6), pp. 861–889. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2018.1536621
Joo, B.B., Yang, B. and Mclean, G.N. (2014) ‘Employee creativity: the effects of perceived learning culture , leader – member exchange quality, job autonomy, and proactivity’, Human Resource Development International, 17(3), pp. 297–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2014.896126
Khader, S. (2016) ‘Beyond Autonomy Fetishism : Affiliation with Autonomy in Women’s Empowerment Beyond Autonomy Fetishism : Affiliation with Autonomy in Women ’ s Empowerment’, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 17(1), pp. 125–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2015.1025043
Kock, N. and Lynn, G.S. (2012) ‘Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM : An Illustration and Recommendations’, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), pp. 546–580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302
Kruk, M. et al. (2018) ‘From enjoyment to physical activity or from physical activity to enjoyment ? Longitudinal associations in parent – child dyads’, Psychology & Health, 33(10), pp. 1269–1283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1489049
Latham, G.P. (2007) Work motivation: History, theory, research and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lazear, E. (2000) ‘Performance pay and productivity’, American Economic Review, 90(4), pp. 1346–1361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1346
Levander, S. and Riis, U. (2016) ‘Assessing educational expertise in academic faculty promotion’, Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 2(3), pp. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/nstep.v2.33759
Lim, S., Lee, K. and Bae, K. (2019) ‘Distinguishing Motivational Traits between Person-Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit: Testing the Moderating Effects of Extrinsic Rewards in Enhancing Public Employee Job Satisfaction’, International Journal of Public Administration, 42(12), pp. 1040–1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1575665
Lu, J., Liu, C. and Wei, J. (2017) ‘How Important Are Enjoyment and Mobility for Mobile Applications ? How Important Are Enjoyment and Mobility for Mobile Applications ?’, Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), pp. 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2016.1181463
Lynch, B.P. et al. (2019) ‘Self and Identity Promotion by others through social networks’, Self and Identity, 18(6), pp. 631–649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1505652
Macleod, G.A. (2014) ‘Does Creativity Lead to Happiness and More Enjoyment of Lile ?’, The Journal of Creative Behavior, 7(4), pp. 227–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1973.tb01094.x
Malik, M.A.R., Butt, A.N. and Choi, J.N. (2015) ‘Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self-efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(1), pp. 59–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1943
Mcginity, R. (2015) ‘Innovation and autonomy at a time of rapid reform: an English case study’, Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 3(7), pp. 62–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/nstep.v1.28652
Mooney, R.L. (1963) A conceptual model for integrating four approaches to the identification of creative talent in Scientific Creativity: Its Recognition and Development. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Munir, R. and Lodhi, M.E. (2016) ‘Impact of Rewards ( Intrinsic and Extrinsic ) on Employee Performance with Special Reference to Courier Companies of Faisalabad City’, European Journal of Business and Management, 8(25), pp. 88–97.
Ne Gagné, M. and Deci, E.L. (2005) ‘Self-determination theory and work motivation’, Journal of Organizational Behavior J. Organiz. Behav, 26(4), pp. 331–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322
Obicci, P.A. (2015) ‘Influence of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards on Employee Engagement ( Empirical Study in Public Sector of Uganda )’, Managment Studies and Economic System, 2(1), pp. 59–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0018083
Poch, R. and Martin, B. (2015) ‘Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on user-generated content’, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 23(4), pp. 305–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2014.926966
Pollak, C. and Sirven, N. (2016) ‘Active ageing beyond the labour market : evidence on the role of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards at work’, Review of Social Economy, 28(4), pp. 1–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2016.1168032
Poppe, A.E. et al. (2019) ‘Beyond contestation : conceptualizing negotiation in democracy promotion Beyond contestation : conceptualizing negotiation in democracy promotion’, Democratization, 26(5), pp. 777–795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1568991
Prabhu, V. et al. (2008) ‘Creativity and Certain Personality Traits: Understanding the Mediating Effect of Intrinsic Motivation’, Creativity Research Journal, 20(1), pp. 53–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410701841955
Preckel, F. and Brunner, M. (2016) ‘Academic self-concept , achievement goals , and achievement : Is their relation the same for academic achievers and underachievers ?’, Gifted and Talented International, 30(1–2), pp. 68–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2015.1137458
Preenen, P.T.Y. (2010) ‘Challenge at work: a matter of give and take’, in UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) University of Amsterdam, pp. 85–95.
Putwain, D.W., Kearsley, R. and Symes, W. (2012) ‘Do creativity self-beliefs predict literacy achievement and motivation?’, Learning and Individual Differences, 22(3), pp. 370–374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.12.001
Raffagnino, R. and Matera, C. (2015) ‘Assessing Relationship Satisfaction : Development and Validation of the Dyadic-Familial Relationship Satisfaction Scale’, Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 14(4), pp. 322–341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2014.975305
Rasool, A., Jundong, H. and Sohail, M.T. (2017) ‘Research Article Relationship of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards on Job Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Expatriates in China’, Journal of Applied Sciences, 17(3), pp. 116–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2017.116.125
Riddle, K., Tay, S.K. and Wu, J. (2019) ‘ It Lets Me Fight the Bad Guys”: An Exploration Into the Factors Predicting Enjoyment of Violent Video Games’, Communication Studies, 70(1), pp. 36–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2018.1438490
Roshna, P., Assistant, J. and Dahivale, P.R. (no date) ‘Analyzing Role of Reward Management System on Managing Employee Performance Effectively: Study with reference to factories in Pune , Maharashtra’, pp. 46–53.
Roskam, I. et al. (2016) ‘Do Parenting Variables Have Specific or Widespread Impact on Parenting Covariates ? The Effects of Manipulating Self-Efficacy or Verbal Responsiveness’, Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 38(2), pp. 142–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2016.1172885
Saharuddin and Sulaiman (2016) ‘The Effect of Promotion and Compensation Toward Working Productivity through Job Satisfaction and Working Motivation of Employees in the Department of Water and Mineral Resources Energy North Aceh District’, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(10), pp. 33–40.
Sassenberg, K. and Scholl, A. (2019) ‘European Review of Social Psychology Linking regulatory focus and threat – challenge : transitions between and outcomes of four motivational states’, European Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), pp. 174–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2019.1647507
Schwab, S., Hessels, M.G.P. and Schwab, S. (2015) ‘Achievement Goals , School Achievement , Self-Estimations of School Achievement , and Calibration in Students With and Without Special Education Needs in Inclusive Education’, Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 59(4), pp. 461–477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2014.932304
Shalley, C.E. (2009) ‘Interactive Effects of Growth Need Strength , Work Context , and Job Complexity On Self-Reported Creative Performance’, The Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), pp. 489–505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330806
Shalley, C.E., Zhou, J. and Oldham, G.R. (2004) ‘The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here?’, Journal of Management, 30(6), pp. 933–958. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.007
Simonton, D.K. (1999) Creativity and genius. In L. Pervin and O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research. New York: Guilford.
Sjödin, S. (2015) ‘Negotiating learner autonomy: a case study on the autonomy of a learner with high-functioning autism’, Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 3(6), pp. 86–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/nstep.v1.28483
Skinner, B.F. (1938) ‘The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis’, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 5(8), pp. 446–470.
Sternberg, R.J., Kaufman, J.C. and Pretz, J.E. (2004) ‘A Propulsion Model of Creative Leadership’, Propulsion Model, 13(3), pp. 83–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00304.x
Stone, K. et al. (2019) ‘Ethical Approval and Being a Virtuous Social Work Researcher. The Experience of Multi-site Research in UK Health and Social Care: An Approved Mental Health Professional Case Study’, Ethics and Social Welfare, 13(12), pp. 1–16.
Sweis, R.J. et al. (2018) ‘The relationship between project team members ’ effectiveness and acknowledgment of talent : Team members ’ perspective’, International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 14(2), pp. 141–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2017.1356401
Terms, F. (2015) ‘Shifts in curriculum control: contesting ideas of teacher autonomy’, Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 2(1), pp. 30–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/nstep.v1.28520
Tornqvist, D. and Tichon, J. (2019) ‘Motivated to lose ? Evaluating challenge and player motivations in games’, Behaviour & Information Technology, 3(1), pp. 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1672789
Tsay-vogel, M. and Krakowiak, K.M. (2016) ‘Effects of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motivations on Film Enjoyment Through Moral Disengagement’, Communication Research Reports, 33(1), pp. 54–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2015.1117443
Tse, D.C.K., Fung, H.H. and Nakamura, J. (2018) ‘Teamwork and flow proneness mitigate the negative effect of excess challenge on flow state’, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(3), pp. 284–289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1257059
Tung, C. et al. (2018) ‘An analysis of healthy workplace accreditation and health promotion efforts based on employees’ perspectives’, Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 73(5), pp. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2017.1365683
Turner, A. (2017) ‘How does intrinsic and extrinsic How does intrinsic and extrinsic motivation drive performance culture in organizations?’, Cogent Education, 27(4), pp. 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1337543
Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W. and Deci, E.L. (2006) ‘Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation’, Educational Psychologist, 41(1), pp. 19–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4101_4
Victor (2012) ‘Employee job satisfaction and engagement: How employees are dealing with uncertainty’, A research report by The Society for Human Resource Management [Preprint].
Vroom V H (1964) ‘Work and motivation’, New York, Wiley.
Vyvey, T. et al. (2019) ‘Loaded with Fun? The Impact of Enjoyment and Cognitive Load on Brand Retention in Digital Games’, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 18(1), pp. 72–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2018.1446370
Watters, P. and Spas, J. (2019) ‘Finding creativity in the extrinsically motivated environment of architecture students of architecture students’, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 3(2), pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2019.1572525
Weibel, A., Rost, K. and Osterloh, M. (2010) ‘Pay for performance in the public sector - Benefits and (Hidden) costs’, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(2), pp. 387–412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mup009
Whitaker, J. et al. (2019) ‘How Does Customer Service Offshoring Impact Customer Satisfaction ? How Does Customer Service Offshoring Impact Customer Satisfaction ?’, Journal of Computer Information Systems, 24(6), pp. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2018.1552091
Woolley, K. and Fishbach, A. (2018) ‘Underestimating the importance of expressing intrinsic motivation in job interviews’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 148(5), pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.06.004
Wouters, S. et al. (2015) ‘Endorsing achievement goals exacerbates the big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept’, Educational Psychology, 35(2), pp. 252–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.822963
Xanthopoulou, D. et al. (2012) ‘A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(4), pp. 489–517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2011.584386
Yoon, H. J., & Choi, J.N. (2010) ‘Extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and creativity in the workplace: Reward importance as a moderator’, Academy of Management Annual Meeting, 5(3), pp. 68–88.
Yoon, H.J., Sung, S.Y. and Choi, J.N. (2015) ‘Mechanisms Underlying Creative Performance: Employee Perceptions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards for Creativity’, Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 43(7), pp. 1161–1179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1161
Zacher, H. and Johnson, E. (2015) ‘Leadership and creativity in higher education’, Studies in Higher Education, 40(7), pp. 1210–1225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881340
Zhang, W. (2017) ‘Exploring the Effects of Job Autonomy on Engagement and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Performance Pressure and Learning Goal Orientation’, Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(3), pp. 235–251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9453-x
Zhang, X. et al. (2018) ‘Exploring the effect of transformational leadership on individual creativity in e-learning : a perspective of social exchange theory’, Studies in Higher Education, 43(11), pp. 1964–1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1296824
Zhang, Y., Long, L. and Zhang, J. (2015) ‘Pay for performance and employee creativity’, Management Decision, 53(7), pp. 1378–1397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2013-0596
Zhou, J. and George, J.M. (2001) ‘When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice’, Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), pp. 682–696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/3069410
Zi, Y. (2020) ‘Self-assessment in the process of self-regulated learning and its relationship with academic achievement’, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 45(2), pp. 224–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1629390
Zopiatis, A., Theocharous, A.L. and Constanti, P. (2018) ‘Career satisfaction and future intentions in the hospitality industry: An intrinsic or an extrinsic proposition ?’, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism ISSN:, 17(1), pp. 98–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2017.1340748
Published on: 2023-11-22
Also Available On
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Sayed Sami Muzafary, Zalmay Wafayar, Mohammad Nasim Sukhandan, Mohammad Ali Fetrat, Bonga B Mdletshe, Mohammad Bashir Bahrami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to this journal retain the copyright of their articles but agree to publish their articles under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, for any purpose, even commercially, under the condition that appropriate credit is given, that a link to the license is provided, and that they indicate if changes were made. They may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses them or their use.
