Dapitan in Rizal’s Time: A Criticism of his Poems

Abstract

This study critically examines the socio-political, economic, and religious conditions of Dapitan during Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s exile (1892–1896) through an analysis of five poems he composed in the city: Hymn to Talisay, Josephine, Josephine, The Song of the Traveller, To Don Ricardo Carnicero, and My Retreat. Using historical criticism as a framework, the study contextualizes these literary works within the colonial period, revealing their significance in understanding the lived experiences of Dapitanons under Spanish rule. The findings highlight Rizal’s depiction of Dapitan as a place of solitude and intellectual growth, reflecting his ideals of education, nationalism, and resilience amid oppression. His poems illustrate the transformation of Dapitan from a neglected settlement into a flourishing community through his civic initiatives in education, infrastructure, and agriculture. Additionally, the study identifies themes of nostalgia, social injustice, and hope for liberation embedded in Rizal’s poetic expressions. The research underscores how literature serves as a historical artifact, offering insights into the socio-political realities of its time. Furthermore, the study recommends the integration of Rizal’s lesser-known works into academic curricula to deepen students’ appreciation of his contributions beyond Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Ultimately, this research enriches the discourse on Rizal’s legacy in Dapitan and reinforces the enduring relevance of his writings in fostering nationalism and historical consciousness.